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The initial motivation for photoplotting artwork was increasing accuracy requirements. Photoplotting requires translating a design to digital form before creating the artwork. Present CAD and interactive graphics systems are making increased use of this data base to generate a larger percentage of the documentation required to manufacture a PC board. Computer aided manufacturing such as numerically controlled drilling and component insertion is another feature of today's CAD systems. Future systems will not only increase the merger of CAD/CAM, but also address the ordering of components, cost analysis and many other associated functions in the design and manufacturing of PCB's. Every company producing PCB's should be able to evaluate interactive graphics and determine if and when CAD would be cost‐effective.

Over the past few years innovation has become a major subject of discussion in the press, academia, the halls of government and corporate offices.

The Bureau of Economics in the Federal Trade Commission has a three-part role in the Agency and the strength of its functions changed over time depending on the preferences and ideology of the FTC’s leaders, developments in the field of economics, and the tenor of the times. The over-riding current role is to provide well considered, unbiased economic advice regarding antitrust and consumer protection law enforcement cases to the legal staff and the Commission. The second role, which long ago was primary, is to provide reports on investigations of various industries to the public and public officials. This role was more recently called research or “policy R&D”. A third role is to advocate for competition and markets both domestically and internationally. As a practical matter, the provision of economic advice to the FTC and to the legal staff has required that the economists wear “two hats,” helping the legal staff investigate cases and provide evidence to support law enforcement cases while also providing advice to the legal bureaus and to the Commission on which cases to pursue (thus providing “a second set of eyes” to evaluate cases). There is sometimes a tension in those functions because building a case is not the same as evaluating a case. Economists and the Bureau of Economics have provided such services to the FTC for over 100 years proving that a sub-organization can survive while playing roles that sometimes conflict. Such a life is not, however, always easy or fun.

This research provides accounting-ethics authors and administrators with a benchmark for accounting-ethics research. While Bernardi and Bean (2010) considered publications in business-ethics and accounting’s top-40 journals this study considers research in eight accounting-ethics and public-interest journals, as well as, 34 business-ethics journals. We analyzed the contents of our 42 journals for the 25-year period between 1991 through 2015. This research documents the continued growth (Bernardi & Bean, 2007) of accounting-ethics research in both accounting-ethics and business-ethics journals. We provide data on the top-10 ethics authors in each doctoral year group, the top-50 ethics authors over the most recent 10, 20, and 25 years, and a distribution among ethics scholars for these periods. For the 25-year timeframe, our data indicate that only 665 (274) of the 5,125 accounting PhDs/DBAs (13.0% and 5.4% respectively) in Canada and the United States had authored or co-authored one (more than one) ethics article.

Communications regarding this column should be addressed to Mrs. Cheney, Peabody Library School, Nashville, Term. 37203. Mrs. Cheney does not sell the books listed here. They are available through normal trade sources. Mrs. Cheney, being a member of the editorial board of Pierian Press, will not review Pierian Press reference books in this column. Descriptions of Pierian Press reference books will be included elsewhere in this publication.

At the core of this case is a distribution, or sourcing, problem that can be modeled and solved using linear programming (LP). There are also issues of whether to build (a) new plant(s)––and if so, what the capacity should be––and whether to expand or close one or more of the existing plants. These latter issues can be analyzed using a 0/1 LP facility-location model. Alternatively, because the number of options is limited, they can be analyzed using the straight LP model of the distribution problem as a tool to facilitate analysis.

This research study was started at the University of Oregon, School of Education, in the Spring of 1967. A group of advanced graduate students in school finance under the supervision of the senior author, undertook the study to examine systematically the relationships between and among measures of human resource development, education, manpower utilization and economic growth in the states of the United States. The model for the research was the Harbison and Myers classic study of this important issue among the nations of the world entitled, “Education, Manpower and Economic Growth”. (McGraw‐Hill, 1964.) The research reported touches upon several important fields—economics of education, political science, human resource management and governmental planning. The relationships studied hold important implications for the allocation of scarce human and economic resources to attain state and national social and economic goals.

This manuscript develops a reverse logistics monitoring system for controlling reverse flows of materials through marketing channels in emerging economies. Institutional theory is incorporated to show that both positive and negative impacts on environmental sustainability can be predicted. A partner control framework and scales are then developed for use by managers and researchers in furthering their understanding of the effective management of global reverse logistic networks

This issue is a selected bibliography covering the subject of leadership.